National debt with regards to taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

National debt with regards to taxes - Essay Example Therefore, whenever the national debt is high, there is a likelihood that the citizenry will be affected, since the available national resources could not be sufficient to cover for all the government payments in form of the interest rates that it must pay periodically to the creditors (Boccia, 2013). The consequence is that; the taxes that are collected from the citizenry must then be increased, so that there is enough money to cover for the payment of the interest in the debts that the government owes different creditors. Therefore, while there could be less awareness in relation to the impacts of the national debts on the citizenry to the public, the truth is that the effect of the national debt must be felt by all. Thus, the effects of National debt include: The National debt affects the tax rates that are charged on the common citizens, as well as the private sector through the licensing and other legal requirements that business are required to have. Whenever the National debt is high, the government has to seek for a way to increase the available revenue so that it can be able to meet the debt obligations in form of interest payments that must be made every single financial period (Faulhaber, 2010). Consequently, when the government is unable to meet the interest obligations from the already collected tax revenues, the government turns to the public for more money through raising the tax rates that the public must pay on various essential products and services. The increased taxation on the other hand becomes a financial burden for the common citizens, considering that they are now getting less value for their money. When the rate of taxation has increased, the prices of goods and services that the common citizens consume goes high, which in turn means that the value for their money has now significantly reduced (Boccia, 2013). The increased taxation does not only affect the common citizens, but also businesses, considering that their profitability will be reduced, while the costs of operations will keep increasing. The consequence is that, National debt increases the tax burden on both citizens and businesses, making it hard for businesses to grow, while reducing the purchasing power of the public (Agonist Learning Center, 2009). The net effect is that, investments will not perform well in the situation where the national debt is high. Further, National debt affects the interest in the sense that, the national banks continuously keeps track of the national debt as they are continuously served with such information from the central bank. The relationship between the central bank and the other commercial banks is that; the central bank is the key determinant of the interest rates that the commercial banks will charge on loans and mortgages issued to the banks’ customers (Faulhaber, 2010). Therefore, when the national debt increases, there is a need for more money that is used to cover for the increased interest rates that the government must pay to the creditors. Consequently, the central bank raises the interest rates, which are then increased by the commercial banks in similar proportions (Boccia, 2013). Therefore, the increased national debt serves to increase the

Gender and Educational Achievement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gender and Educational Achievement - Case Study Example The discussion here will bring out the sociological reasons to show why girls in recent years have performed better than boys in typical school curriculum. Many studies and surveys on school performance have showed a correlation between gender and achievement. A study by Hubbard (2005) has been based on a survey involving 30 successful African American high school students. The gender based experiences and results defy traditional patterns of educational underachievement associated with a minority group and challenge the notion that minority students show a resistance to schooling. However the study indicated gender based variations in strategies and college aspirations as well as methods of gaining success suggesting variations on the basis of ethnicity and gender especially in the context of diverse American population. Peer interactions, school practices and community experiences are crucial in shaping educational outcomes of individuals although gender forms the central factor in determining achievement. Hubbard (2005) suggests that intertwining of school, family and community cultures construct attitudes dependent on gender and beliefs. Despite the sharing of common racial or class identity, gender variations ca mediate and change pe rceptions and behavior and this is reflected in social situation inside and outside school. In a related study Demie (2001) suggested that raising levels of achievement among students would be vital element of any school improvement focus. The extent and reasons of underachievement have been examined here and the statistical trends and patterns of performance are also analyzed to show whether gender ad ethnic factors play a role in academic achievement. The differences in attainment according to Demie are largely related to gender and ethnicity and could have implications for school improvement and general level of performance of students as well. However as Demie argues, there could be no simple explanation for ethnic or gender differences in educational achievement as ethnic heritage would not presuppose any kind of underachievement or higher achievements in any field. Studies have indicated that certain ethnic minority groups like the Asians, Indians and Chinese have levels of achievement above the white population whereas the Caribbean, Portuguese and Africans would be underachievers and achievement is considered as largely dependent on language skills, levels of English and gender differences as well. Better English speakers or people with advanced levels of knowledge in English would naturally perform better and Demie's study (2001) indicated that no matter what the origin of pupils is, girls always tend to perform better and at higher levels than boys in key stages and programs. However apart from gender there may be other factors that seem to have an influence on performance and could be understood by focusing on contextual analysis and analysis of factors that affect educational achievement. The teachers' perceptions on how gender identity seems to impact achievement have been studied by several researchers and Jones and Myhill (2004) carried out a similar study to understand the impact of gender on achievement. They